For those interested in human evolution can participate in this National Geographic experiment.
https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/
https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/
I also sent my DNA samples for research. I was identified as belonging
to the HAPLOGROUP [1] type L-M20. Find below the DNA analysis provided
by National geographic to me. So looks like although there is no proof
that we are descended from monkeys and apes, but we are all certainly
descended from an African human male who lived in Africa 140,000 yrs.
Interestingly, this analysis is only for paternal lineage. The puzzle and riddle that has arisen from this study is that there is evidence of mass FEMALE only migrations distinct from mass MALE only migrations. Scientists do not have an answer as to why there were MALE ONLY migrations and FEMALE only migrations. Also, the first male genetic marker goes back to 140,000 yrs old. However, the female genetic marker is more than 140,000 yr old. Which means that Eve lived as a single female human lot longer than the male human Adam.
Interestingly, this analysis is only for paternal lineage. The puzzle and riddle that has arisen from this study is that there is evidence of mass FEMALE only migrations distinct from mass MALE only migrations. Scientists do not have an answer as to why there were MALE ONLY migrations and FEMALE only migrations. Also, the first male genetic marker goes back to 140,000 yrs old. However, the female genetic marker is more than 140,000 yr old. Which means that Eve lived as a single female human lot longer than the male human Adam.
The common direct paternal ancestor of all men alive today was born in Africa around 140,000 years ago. He
was neither the first human male nor the only male alive in his time.
He was the only male whose offspring survived and spread out of Africa
to colonize the planet. Most men, including your direct paternal ancestors, trace their ancestry to one of this man’s descendants. Dubbed “Y-chromosome Adam” by the popular press, he was neither the
first human male nor the only man alive in his time. He was, though, the
only male whose Y-chromosome lineage is still around today. All men,
including your direct paternal ancestors, trace their ancestry to one of
this man’s descendants. The oldest Y-chromosome lineages in existence,
belonging to the A branch of the tree, are found only in African
populations.
Your branch of this lineage took part in the out-of-Africa
migrations. They spread to the border region between West and South Asia
around 30,000 years ago. Many from this lineage settled South Asia.
Branch: M42
Age: About 75,000 Years Ago
Location of Origin: Africa
Around 75,000 years ago, the BT branch of the Y-chromosome tree was
born, defined by many genetic markers, including M42. The common
ancestor of most men living today, some of this man’s descendants would
begin the journey out of Africa, to India and the Middle East. Small
groups would eventually reach the Americas. Others would settle in
Europe, and some from this line remained near their ancestral homeland
in Africa. Individuals from this line in Africa often practice cultural
traditions that resemble those of their distant ancestors. For example,
they often live in traditional hunter-gatherer societies. These include
the Mbuti and Biaka Pygmies of central Africa, as well as Tanzania’s
Hadza As M42-bearing populations migrated around the globe, they picked up
additional markers on their Y-chromosomes. Today, there are no known BT
individuals without these additional markers.
Branch: M168
Age: About 70,000 years ago
Location of Origin: Africa/Asia
As humans left Africa, they migrated across the globe in a web of
paths that spread out like the branches of a tree, each limb of
migration identifiable by a marker in our DNA. For male lineages, the
M168 branch was one of the first to leave the African homeland. Moving outward from Africa and along the coastline, members of this
lineage were some of the earliest settlers in Asia, Southeast Asia, and
Australia. Some from this line would even travel over the land bridge to reach the Americas.
The man who gave rise to the first genetic marker in your lineage
probably lived in northeast Africa in the region of the Rift Valley,
perhaps in present-day Ethiopia, Kenya, or Tanzania. Scientists put the
most likely date for when he lived at around 70,000 years ago. His
descendants became the only lineage to survive outside of Africa, making
him the common ancestor of every non-African man living today.
But why would man have first ventured out of the familiar African
hunting grounds and into unexplored lands? The first migrants likely
ventured across the Bab-al Mandeb strait, a narrow body of water at the
southern end of the Red Sea, crossing into the Arabian Peninsula soon
after M168 originated—perhaps 65,000 years ago. These beachcombers would
make their way rapidly to India and Southeast Asia, following the
coastline in a gradual march eastward. By 50,000 years ago, they had
reached Australia. These were the ancestors of today’s Australian
Aborigines.
It is also likely that a fluctuation in climate may have contributed
to your ancestors’ exodus out of Africa. The African ice age was
characterized by drought rather than by cold. Around 50,000 years ago,
though, the ice sheets of the northern hemisphere began to melt,
introducing a short period of warmer temperatures and moister climate in
Africa and the Middle East. Parts of the inhospitable Sahara briefly
became habitable. As the drought-ridden desert changed to a savanna, the
animals hunted by your ancestors expanded their range and began moving
through the newly emerging green corridor of grasslands.
Your nomadic ancestors followed the good weather and the animals they
hunted, although the exact route they followed remains to be
determined. In addition to a favorable change in climate, around this
same time there was a great leap forward in modern humans’ intellectual
capacity. Many scientists believe that the emergence of language gave us
a huge advantage over other early human species. Improved tools and
weapons, the ability to plan ahead and cooperate with one another, and
an increased capacity to exploit resources in ways we hadn’t been able
to earlier, all allowed modern humans to rapidly migrate to new
territories, exploit new resources, and replace other hominids such as
the Neanderthals.
Branch: M89
Age: Around 50,000 Years Ago
Location of Origin: South Asia or West Asia
The next male ancestor in your ancestral lineage is the man who gave
rise to M89, a marker found in 90 to 95 percent of all non-Africans.
This man was born around 50,000 years ago in northern Africa or the
Middle East.
The first people to leave Africa likely followed a coastal route that
eventually ended in Australia. Your ancestors followed the expanding
grasslands and plentiful game to the Middle East and beyond, and were
part of the second great wave of migration out of Africa.
Beginning about 40,000 years ago, the climate shifted once again and
became colder and more arid. Drought hit Africa and the grasslands
reverted to desert, and for the next 20,000 years, the Saharan Gateway
was effectively closed. With the desert impassable, your ancestors had
two options: remain in the Middle East, or move on. Retreat back to the
home continent was not an option.
While many of the descendants of M89 remained in the Middle East,
others continued to follow the great herds of wild game through what is
now modern-day Iran to the vast steppes of Central Asia.
These semi-arid grass-covered plains formed an ancient “superhighway”
stretching from eastern France to Korea. Your ancestors, having
migrated north out of Africa into the Middle East, then traveled both
east and west along this Central Asian superhighway. A smaller group
continued moving north from the Middle East to Anatolia and the Balkans,
trading familiar grasslands for forests and high country.
Today, geneticists have found the lineage in 1 to 2 percent of
Pakistani and Indian populations. However, it is about 4 percent of some
Austro-Asiatic-language-family-speaking groups in India. It is about 9
percent of some Dravidian-language-family-speaking groups in India, and
it is 9 to 10 percent of male lineages in Sri Lanka. In Borneo, it is
about 5 percent of the population. In Malaysia, it is about 6 percent of
the population.
Branch: P128
Age: About 45,000 years ago
Location of Origin: South Asia
The next male ancestor in your ancestral lineage is the man who gave
rise to P128, a marker found in more than half of all non-Africans alive
today. This man was born around 45,000 years ago in the Middle East or
Central Asia.
The descendants of P128 migrated to the east and north, picking up
additional markers on their Y-chromosomes. This lineage is the parent of
several major branches on the Y-chromosome tree: O, the most common
lineage in East Asia; R, the major European Y-chromosome lineage; and Q,
the major Y-chromosome lineage in the Americas. These descendant
branches went on to settle the rest of Asia, the Americas, and Europe;
many others traveled to Southeast Asia.Today, P128 individuals lacking these additional markers are rare in
most populations, and are most commonly seen in Oceanian and Australian
Aboriginal populations.
Branch: M20
Age: About 30,000 Years Ago
Location of Origin: South Asia or West Asia
Traveling hunters, this man and his early descendants lived on the big game of the grass savannas of Asia. Today, this lineage has a moderate frequency in India (about 10
percent). However, in many isolated population groups in southern India
the frequency is much higher. It makes up a striking 48 percent of
Kallar male lineages in southern India. It is 9 to 10 percent of the
male population among Bukharan Arabs. It is 4 to 5 percent of the Uyghur
population. It is 1 to 2 percent of the Hui population. In Turkey, it
varies between 12 and 57 percent, depending on the region tested.
